Distributed Clustering Based on Node Density and Distance in Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are special type of network with sensing and monitoring the physical parameters with the property of autonomous in nature. To implement this autonomy and network management the common method used is hierarchical clustering. Hierarchical clustering helps for ease access to data collection and forwarding the same to the base station. The proposed Distributed Self-organizing Load Balancing Clustering Algorithm (DSLBCA) for WSNs designed considering the parameters of neighbor distance, residual energy, and node density.  The validity of the DSLBCA has been shown by comparing the network lifetime and energy dissipation with Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH), and Hybrid Energy Efficient Distributed Clustering (HEED). The proposed algorithm shows improved result in enhancing the life time of the network in both stationary and mobile environment

Successful Demonstration of - Seabass cage culture in Karnataka

In Karnataka marine cage culture was attempted for the first time off Uppunda, near Byndoor by the Mangalore Research Centre of Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute (CMFRI) with the financial assistance from National Fisheries Development Board (NFDB), Government of India

Workshop manual on “Techniques and Methodologies in fishery biology of finfishes and shellfishes”

Commercial fishing along the Indian coast is a dynamic and complex process with several types of crafts, gears exploiting more than 500 species of fishes and shell fishes. Further, changing fishing patterns, practice of innovative fishing methods, improvisation of existing fishing methods, etc. further add to the already complex nature of fishing. Estimation of catch landed along the coast is thus a mammoth task. Systematic, regular and unbiased sampling is an integral vital aspect of fishery biology work. Biological process like growth, maturation, feeding patterns, etc. follows regular patterns. Long term studies are generally carried on subsamples collected from the landing centres to get information on the different aspects of the life cycle of the fish. These results are then extrapolated t get a clear picture of the fish population in the commercially fished area. To obtain, a subsample one has to initially estimate the total catch available. Such sampling can be done only by following a statistically valid sampling desig

कर्नाटक के अध्नाशिनी मुहाने में चूना कवच विदोहन

कृपया पूरा लेखा पढ

Unusual catch rates of cuttlefish in a multiday trawler

Cuttlefish is one of the commercially important group of cephalopods caught by multi-night trawlers along the coast of Karnataka. The catch rate of cuttlefish in multiday trawlers varies from <5 kg/haul during December-April period to 50-300 kg/haul during the peak fishing season in August- September

An Analysis of ECG, Chest X-Ray, Pulmonary Function Tests, Pulse Oximetry, Haematocrit Abnormalities in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Patients

INTRODUCTION : Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a major cause of chronic morbidity and mortality throughout the world. Many people suffer from this disease for years and die prematurely from it or its complications. COPD is the fourth leading cause of death in the world9 and further increases in its prevalence and mortality can be predicted in the coming decades. In the definition of COPD, the phrase “preventable and treatable” has been incorporated following the ATS/ERS recommendations to recognize the need to present a positive outlook for patients, to encourage the health care community to take a more active role in developing programs for COPD prevention and to stimulate effective management programs to treat those with the disease. The chronic airflow limitation characteristic of COPD is caused by a mixture of small airway disease (obstructive bronchiolitis) and parenchymal destruction (emphysema), the relative contributions of which vary from person to person. COPD has a variable natural history and not all individuals follow the same course. However, COPD is generally a progressive disease, especially if a patient's exposure to noxious agents continues. The impact of COPD on an individual patient depends on the severity of symptoms (especially breathlessness and decreased exercise capacity) systemic effects, and any comorbidities the patient may have not just on the degree of airflow limitation. AIM OF THE STUDY : 1. To study age and sex distribution in COPD patients. 2. To study the risk factors in COPD patients. 3. To study about the duration and influence of smoking habit in the development & progression of COPD. 4. To study the presenting symptoms in COPD patients. 5. To study the physical signs in COPD patients. 6. To Study the Pulse oximetry values to detect hypoxemia, prognosis, to plan oxygen therapies in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. 7. To study the correlation between Hemoglobin level and severity of disease. 8. To study the correlation between Hematocrit level and severity of disease. 9. To assess the severity of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease by the pulmonary function tests. 10. To study chest x-ray findings, ECG findings in COPD patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS : SETTING: The study was conducted in Annal Gandhi Memorial Government Hospital, Trichy which is attached to K. A. P. Viswanatham Government Medical College, Trichy. DESIGN OF STUDY: It was an observational type of study. Interview technique was used to collect information on a predesigned proforma. PERIOD OF STUDY: It was conducted in a time period from January 2011 to October 2011. SAMPLE SIZE: Hundred cases of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. SELECTION OF STUDY SUBJECTS: COPD patients above 40 years of age, admitted in medical wards with the diagnosis of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. INCLUSION CRITERIA: Adult males and females admitted in the medical wards with symptoms suggestive of airway obstruction of more than 2 years duration and in who clinical diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease was made were included in the study. All these patients were subjected to clinical examination, ECG, chest X-ray, pulmonary function testing, pulse oximetry and Hematocrit analysis On spirometry the presence of COPD was diagnosed by post bronchodilator values of (I) Forced expiratory volume in first second / Forced vital capacity (FEV1/FVC) less than 70%. All patients were clinically stable at the time of conducting pulmonary function test. EXCLUSION CRITERIA: Cases which excluded from the study were patients with primary diagnosis of bronchial asthma, pulmonary tuberculosis, Bronchiectasis, cases of sleep apnoea syndromes and patients with post infarction failure. CONCLUSIONS : Majority of the patients were in the age group of 61-70 years. COPD was seen predominantly in male patients and majorities were smokers who have more than 20 smoke pack years. • Because of urbanization, prevalence of COPD increasing in urban. • In the majority of patients the duration of illness was 2-5 years. Cough and breathlessness were present in all patients. • Wheeze is not the predominant symptoms in routine COPD patients. • Diminished chest movements, crepitations, rhonchi, were present in majority of patients. • As the number of cigarettes/day and duration increases the severity of the disease also increases in the studied population. • In females exposure to smoke due to burnt fuel is the risk factor. • In the study, about 40 % of cases were in stage III disease. • As the severity & duration of the disease increases they are more prone to develop hypoxia and polycythemia as a complication. In our study 8 patients had hypoxia, as assessed by pulse oximetry, but no patient was in polycythemic range of hemoglobin or hematocrit values, this may be due to malnutrition. • Clinical examination, ECG and chest X-ray may be normal in COPD patients. So diagnosis and severity should be based on Pulmonary Function Test. • Pulse Oximetry is the best bedside tool to assess the hypoxemia in COPD patients and very useful to oxygen therapy. • Spirometry is the definitive and gold standard investigation for diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, assess the severity of disease, reversibility and follow up

Prospective Randomised study on Postoperative Analgesia for Caesarean Section with Intrathecal Buprenorphine

SUMMARY: A clinical study was done to evaluate the efficacy, duration of post operative pain relief and to know the quality of analgesia provided by intrathecal opioids added to local anaesthetic agents. The study was undertaken in 60 patients of ASA I and II posted for elective cesarean section for post operative pain relief. Group A – 30 patients – received 1.7ml of hyperbaric 0.5% bupivacaine with buprenorphine 0.2ml (60μg). Group B – 30 patients – received 1.7ml of hyperbaric 0.5%bupivacaine with 0.2ml 0f 0.9% normal saline. - Onset of sensory analgesia is significantly increased (1-31/2min) in patients receiving buprenorphine than control group. - Onset of motor blockade also significantly increased in study group 1-5min. - Postoperative analgesia was upto 13-14hours in group A (study) with SD.96.33min than control group B 21/2 – 41/2 hours. - There was no statistically significant changes in pulse rate, respiratory rate, blood pressure , oxygen saturation and neonatal apgar score. - There was no respiratory depression in study group and few patients had a sedation score >3 which is statistically significant. There was no statistically significant complications in both groups. CONCLUSION: Intrathecal buprenorphine is suitable drug for postoperative analgesia in patients undergoing cesarean section, it enhances onset of sensory blockade without affecting motor blockade and sympathetic activity. Anaesthesia was superior when buprenorphine is mixed with bupivacaine (0.5%) as compared to bupivacaine alone. The benefits of opiates are significant when used intrathecally and outweighs the side effects. Subarachnoid block is easy to perform, more predictable and the drug is easily available. So this combination of drugs can be used for postoperative analgesia in elective cesarean section

Mussel Farming Methods and the Prospects and Problems in India

Mussel farming has a long history that dates back to the thirteenth century. Mussels are farmed in many areas of the world with the most common species cultured being the blue mussel, Mytilus edulis. The main producers of mussels are countries such as China, Korea, Spain, Netherlands, Denmark, France and New Zealand. In 2012, 1.829 million tonnes of mussels were produced worldwide valued at 2.053 billion US Dollars (FAO). The Indian mussel production is relatively small and the production is around 10,000 tonnes for the past few years

Site suitability evaluation for bivalve mariculture in Maharashtra

The coastal stretch of Konkan Maharashtra is endowed with large number of west flowing rivers forming productive estuaries and creeks fringed by mangrove vegetation. The coastline stretching across the districts of Raigad, Ratnagiri and Sindhudurg are marked by the presence of narrow creeks offering sheltered areas for aquaculture activities. Considering the potential for expanding bivalve farming in Maharashtra, surveys for selecting suitable sites for coastal farming were conducted from 5th to 8th October, 2013 covering Thane,Raigad, Ratnagiri and Sindhudurg districts